Introduction. Reason: • Insects used are source of biological control agents are too different from target pest, resulting in parasitoids either too pp. Distribution. Kutu putih berasal dari kawasan Amerika Selatan. Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive pest native to South America. Phenacoccus manihoti poses a threat to the food security and livelihood of the poor farmers (Yonow et al. In 1973, P. manihoti was reported as an introduced arthropod species on cassava in Congo (Sylvestre, 1973; Matile-Ferrero, 1978) and Congo Democratic Republic (Hahn and Williams, 1973).Within a few years after these first reports, the insect became the major cassava pest and spread rapidly through most of the African cassava belt. The cassava mealybug is a clear and present threat to the food security and livelihoods of some of the world's most impoverished citizens. Species Transported by Pathway. P. manihoti was accidentally introduced into Africa in the 1970s, and became a major pest in most cassava growing regions causing yield losses as high as 80%. Share this with Facebook: Twitter: Email: Recognize the problem Cassava mealybugs are also called “Vidung’ata” in Swahili. Widespread distribution. Only solitary parasitism was permitted. Tanzania Share . 1993 466. Phenacoccus madeirensis Guangdong, China Open field Bidens pilosa Aug. 2012 15 Phenacoccus manihoti Tây Ninh, Vietnam Indoor rearing M. esculenta Nov. 2013 16 Phenacoccus solani Beijing, China Greenhouse Eupatorium adenophorum Jan. 2014 17 Phenacoccus solenopsis Hainan, China Open field H. rosa-sinensis Nov. 2012 18 Niche models, such as CLIMEX, are useful tools to indicate where and when such threats may extend, and can assist with planning for biosecurity and the management of pest invasions. On cassava and relatives. 45-59. Twenty-nine variables associated with plant growth, agronomic and environmental … Phoracantha recurva Newman Jun. ... CABI … Tanzania Share . In the 1980s and 1990s, CABI & CFS: 7 large biological control projects against native Canadian pests Results: 2 parasitoids introduced – no establishment. Phenacoccus manihoti. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Morfologi dan siklus hidup Phenacoccus manihoti menurut CABI, 2013. Epidinocarsis lopezi has proved to be an efficient biological control agent of the cassava pest Phenacoccus manihoti despite apparently low rates of parasitism. In the 1970s, the invasive, non-native cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) erupted in numbers in Africa and spread rapidly, mainly due to it not having any natural enemies. It is grown by many low income farmers and provides both food security and income. They are soft- bodied, wingless, and covered by white wax and hairs. Jun. Chapter 3 Cassava in Africa Rory J. Hillocks Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Origins of Cassava in Africa Laboratory experiments have indicated that its killing power at higher temperatures is 2-3 times higher than the percentage mummy formation suggests. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero in Africa (CABI, 2005). This pest attacked African cassava crops, causing crop losses of up to 80%. Hosts. Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the Exotic Parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa February 1988 Philosophical Transactions of … Salah satu serangga yang berperan sebagai hama penting dalam kegiatan budi daya ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) adalah kutu putih Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) atau mealybug. Areas in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay were searched for the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. CABI Publishing in association with the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) attacks cassava; The citrus mealybug ... (Editors). They are tiny insects, less than ½ cm in size. Widespread. Telur berbentuk lonjong berwarna kuning keemasan tertutup ovisacs wol berwarna putih panjang 0,30 – 0,75mm, lebar 0,15 –0,30 mm. The Madeira mealybug Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a highly invasive pest species and is spreading and invading new areas globally. Summary. II. Cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti ) Eggs are oblong, golden-yellow, and enclosed in woolly ovisacs located at the posterior end of the adult females. The life cycle of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of the cassava pest Phenacoccus manihoti, was studied at 26±1°C, 80±10% RH and LH 12:12. Phenacoccus manihoti (P. manihoti) have been reported to occur in South Africa [15, 16] and its presence further validated using PCR [15, 16]. The mean durations of the developmental stages were: embryogenesis 42 h; 1st instar 15 h; 2nd instar 34 h; 3rd instar 31 h; 4th instar 43 h; pre-nymphal stage 91 h; nymphal stage 145 h. One of the advantages of the relational nature of the database of datasheets in the ISC is the way in which it enables lists to be created of datasheets associated with other datasheets. Research Article . Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), one of the most serious pests of cassava worldwide, has recently reached Asia, raising significant concern over its potential spread throughout the region. Phenacoccus madeirensis has a grey oval body covered by thin, white, mealy wax, with red legs and dark dorso-submedial bare spots on intersegmental areas of the thorax and abdomen. Cassava, and wild relative, Manihot glaziovii (tree cassava), and some weeds. ISBN: 0-85199-639-6. Phenacoccus manihoti. The impact of a biological control program against Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava was assessed by surveys carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990. Symptoms & Life Cycle Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug), an invasive pest of South American origin, devastated cassava production in equatorial Africa following its accidental introduction in the 1980s (Neuenschwander 2003, Williams & Granara de Willink 1992). Qualitative estimates of infestation pressure are reflected in the color-coding, with green-colored dots (or the associated contour-lines) representing absence of P. manihoti and red-colored dots or contour-lines showing severe field-level infestation. Pathway Cause / Pathway Vector datasheets. Causes loss of leaves (in Africa, cassava used as leafy vegetable), low root yields, and poor cuttings for next crop. From 1984 onward, the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and some introduced coccinellid predators were released on 54 occasions along the spreading front of the infestation. ... ©CAB International. To support management decisions, this article reports recent distribution records, and estimates the climatic suitability for its regional spread using a CLIMEX … ... Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) which invaded Southeast Asia in 2008, where it caused substantial crop losses and triggered two- to three-fold surges in agricultural commodity prices. Phenacoccus hirsutus Green (see. Jun. 17 CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Phenacoccus manihoti. Journal of Biological Control, 26 (1): 18-22, 2012. Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgaertner JU, Wermelinger B, Loehr B, Ellis CK (1988) Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Southeast Asia, not Oceania. These areas form 1 pair of dark longitudinal lines on the dorsum. The cassava mealybug is whitish, soft-bodied and only about 1 to 3 mm long. During 2009-2010, cassava mealybugs, Phenacoccus manihoti, spread through cassava crops in Thailand causing an 18% decline in crop yields. Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. 2009 721* Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius) rev. Damage intensity is influenced by cassava mealybug population 15% and other factors 85%. 1. Kutu putih bukan merupakan hama asli dari Indonesia. Extremely important in Africa until effective biocontrol. Phenacoccus manihoti, known as cassava mealybug, originated from central South America (Neuenschwander 2003) and it is infamous for the devastation it caused to cassava when it was accidentally introduced to equatorial Africa in the 1980s (Williams & Granara de Willink 1992). Pseudococcidae ) is an invasive pest native to South America wild relative Manihot. 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