Step 3: After completion of traversal, iterate for cyclic edge and push them into a separate adjacency list. For which of the following combinations of the degrees of vertices would the connected graph be eulerian? Returns count of each size cycle from 3 up to size limit, and elapsed time. Example : Input : n = 4 Output : Total cycles = 3 Explanation : Following 3 unique cycles 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 0 0 -> 1 -> 4 -> 3 -> 0 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 1 Note* : There are more cycles but these 3 are unique as 0 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 0 and 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 0 are same cycles and hence … In his 1736 paper on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, widely considered to be the birth of graph theory, Leonhard Eulerproved that, for a finite undirected graph to have a closed walk that visits each edge exactly once, it is necessary and sufficient that it be connected except for isolated vertices (that is, all edges are contained in one component) and have even degree at each vertex. Within the representation of bitstrings, all possible cycles are enumerated, i.e., visited, if all possible permutations of all bitstrings with \(2 \le k \le N_\text{FC}\), where \(k\) is the number of 1s in the string, are enumerated. Corpus ID: 218869712. De nition. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL THEORY (B) ICI, 97-105 (1974) Cycles of Even Length in Graphs .T. It looks like nothing was found at this location. Count the Number of Undirected Cycles in a Graph. 864 0 obj <>stream Graph Theory 81 The followingresultsgive some more properties of trees. These paths doesn’t contain a cycle, the simple enough reason is that a cylce contain infinite number of paths and hence they create problem. cycles. We have to prove that Gis connected.Assumethat is disconnected. Complement of Graph in Graph Theory- Complement of a graph G is a graph G' with all the vertices of G in which there is an edge between two vertices v and w if and only if there exist no edge between v and w in the original graph G. Complement of Graph Examples and Problems. ... $\begingroup$ This is the number of undirected simple cycles. Proof LetG be a graph without cycles withn vertices and n−1 edges. However, the ability to enumerate all possible cycl… I don't need it to be optimal because I only have to use it as a term of comparison. We have a formula to count the number of subgraphs (2 power e-edges) of a simple graph G. Can we count the number of connected subgraph of G? because, it can be broken into 2 simple cycles 1 -> 3 -> 4 -> 1 and 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 1 . Given a directed graph where edges are associated with weights which are not necessarily positive, we are concerned with the problem of finding all the elementary cycles with negative total weights. When we do a DFS from any vertex v in an undirected graph, we may encounter back-edge that points to one of the ancestors of current vertex v in the DFS tree. $\begingroup$ There is no maximum; there are directed graphs with an arbitrarily large number of cycles. The cycle graph with n vertices is called C n. h�b```"V6��B � ea����&�Х��"��"��&����İ�š� {���[�~8����4�^vއ�4�_�M>2���L-��y�?.Y>WR�W���Ȝ���N����d�-]�4e��WԔ��^AS>#�.�q�����&t2OU~�F�}���@�Fy� [�m Regular Graph. 3. number of people. $\begingroup$ A graph can have a cycle of length 4 and yet densely connected (shortest distance between any two nodes is 1). In this paper, we prove that if every odd branch-bond in G has an edge-branch, then its line graph has a 2-factor with at most 3n-2/8 components. SIMON RAJ F. Hindustan University. There are many cycle spaces, one for each coefficient field or ring. Problem 1169. The proof is arranged around flrst, the number of edges and second, the idea of the degree sequence. Below graph contains a cycle 8-9-11-12-8. g� ��(�ɻ`�L��M��`�� RT,�"��@��L��m$�����`]�`[X�jLAdhX�‰`�HW ��= R�D2���0l�7���B5D*� ��[��{��30��d����9 ` \Zg Theorem 4.5 A graph G withn vertices, n−1 edges and no cycles is connected. . My question is what is the maximum number of induced cycle a simple directed graph can have? If we come back to v (we can remember the starting vertex in logspace), we found a tour of odd length. Find the maximum number of edges you can remove from the tree to get a forest such that each connected component of the forest contains an even number of nodes.. As an example, the following tree with nodes can be cut at most time to create an even forest.. Function Description I am looking for maximum number cycles of length k in a graph such that graph shouldn't contain any cycle of length more than k $\endgroup$ – Kumar Sep 29 '13 at 6:23 add a comment | 2 Answers 2 I have looked around the web quite a bit. A. BONDY University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada AND M. SIMONOVITS Eotcos Lorbnd University, Budapest, Hungary Connnunicated by W. T. Tutte Received February 21, 1973 In this paper we solve a conjecture of P. Erdos by showing that if a graph G" has n vertices and at least … My question is what is the maximum number of induced cycle a simple directed graph can have? Use dfs to find cycles in a graph as it saves memory. 2. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, New York, USA. It can be necessary to enumerate cycles in the graph or to find certain cycles in the graph which meet certain criteria. $\endgroup$ – bof Jan 22 '17 at 11:43 $\begingroup$ If a give you a directed graph, with N nodes and E edges there must be a limit of simple cycles amount. Graph Theory 81 The followingresultsgive some more properties of trees. Maybe try a search or one of the links below? What is your real question? See: K. A. Hawick, H. A. James. What is the asymptotic behavior of p? A simple cycle is a cycle with no repeated vertices or edges. a) 1,2,3 We order the graphs by number of edges and then lexicographically by degree sequence. }, author={Ervin GyHori and Addisu Paulos and O. Bueno Zamora}, journal={arXiv: Combinatorics}, year={2020} } Graphs can be used in many different applications from electronic engineering describing electrical circuits to theoretical chemistry describing molecular networks. A cycle of a graph, also called a circuit if the first vertex is not specified, is a subset of the edge set of that forms a path such that the first node of the path corresponds to the last. Question: A Simple Cycle In A Graph Is A Loop That Starts From One Node And Returns To That Starting Node Without Visiting Any Node More Than Once. Given a simple undirected graph, how can we get the number of simple cycles in it? I am mainly interested in the smallest number of simple cycles a graph with $n$ vertices and $m$ edges must have. Sharpen your programming skills while having fun! %PDF-1.5 %���� Let G be a simple graph with order n and minimum degree at least two. In this paper, we obtain explicit formulae for the number of 7-cycles and the total number of cycles of lengths 6 and 7 which contain a specific vertex vi in a simple graph G, in terms of the adjacency matrix and with the help of combinatorics. 21 7 6 49. 13. For a simple graph with minimum degree at least three also, the same conclusion holds. We call a (directed) graph G an L-cycle graph if all cycle lengths in G belong to L. In this article, I will explain how to in principle enumerate all cycles of a graph but we will see that this number easily grows in size such that it is not possible to loop through all cycles. The Hamiltonian Circuit Proble (HCP: Given An Unweighted Graph Of N Nodes Determine Whether It Has A Simple Cycle Of Length N That Visits All N Nodes. The length of a cycle … For specific uses permission MUST be requested. So you get at least n! A cycle of length n simply means that the cycle contains n vertices and n edges. Trial software; Problem 1169. The spatial organization of transportation and mobility. Cycles Detection Algorithms : Almost all the known algorithm for cycle detection in graphs be it a Directed or Undirected follows the following four algorithmic approach for a Graph(V,E) where V is the number of vertices and E is the number of edges. (Recall that a cycle in a graph is a subgraph that is a cycle, and a path is a subgraph that is a path.) Given a simple directed graph G=(V,E) an induced cycle is a cycle where no two vertices of the cycle have an edge that is not in the cycle. We have to prove that Gis connected.Assumethat is disconnected. There are exactly six simple connected graphs with only four vertices. EDIT: I realize I only have to count true 4-cycles, which can 7. Created by Joseph Kirk; Solve Later Theorem 1.1. We present a lower bound on C(n) constructing graphs with at least 2.27 n cycles. A maximal set of edge-disjoint cycles of a given graph can be obtained using ExtractCycles[g] in the Wolfram Language package Combinatorica`. Count the total number of ways or paths that exist between two vertices in a directed graph. Using DFS. His research interests cover transportation and economics as they relate to logistics and global freight distribution. a) 1,2,3 Algorithms to find all the elementary cycles, or to detect, if one exists, a negative cycle in such a graph are well explored. Using Johnson's algorithm find all simple cycles in directed graph. A graph G is said to be regular, if all its vertices have the same degree. Each “back edge” defines a cycle in an undirected graph. If G is a simple graph with adjacency matrix A,then the number of -cycles in G is 6 2 6 4 32 3 2 3 22,1,1 1 22 2 22 2 1 13. The Length Of A Simple Cycle Is The Number Of Its Edges. 5. 1 Recommendation. %%EOF What is the maximum number of edges present in a simple directed graph with 7 vertices if there exists no cycles in the graph? Cycle in a graph data structure is a graph in which all vertices form a cycle. h�bbd```b``�"3@$�;���fs�ew�H�$�K� A simple cycle is a cycle in a Graph with no repeated vertices (except for the beginning and ending vertex). $\endgroup$ – Vijayender Mar 5 '17 at 10:54 Is there any relation to Symmetric group? Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Professor of Geography at Hofstra University. The term "cycle" can also be used for directed simple cycles (in an undirected graph), of which there are twice as many. Maintain the dfs stack that stores the "under processing nodes (gray color)" in the stack and - just keep track when a visited node is tried to be accessed by a new node. (Chordless cycles are induced cycles with at lease 4 vertices). Counts all cycles in input graph up to (optional) specified size limit, using a backtracking algorithm. Theorem 4.5 A graph G withn vertices, n−1 edges and no cycles is connected. Table 4, Table 5, Table 6 summarize the results of experiments for Complete, Cord and Lattice instances, respectively. Trade, Logistics and Freight Distribution, Appendix A – Methods in Transport Geography, Geographic Information Systems and Transportation, A.10 – Transport Technical and Economic Performance Indicators, Levels of Service for Road Transportation, Conventional Distance Decay Curves for Retail Activities, Hotelling’s Principle of Market Competition, Non-Isotropic Conditions and the Shape of Market Areas, A.16 – The Specialization Index and the Location Coefficient, Calculation of the Index of Dissimilarity, Lorenz and Perfect Inequality Differences, World’s 50 Largest Container Ports, Passenger Airports and Freight Airports, A.18 – Spatial Interactions and the Gravity Model, Chicago’s beta Values for Air Transportation, 1949-1989, Conditions for the Realization of a Spatial Interaction, Effects of beta, alpha and lambda on Spatial Interactions, Four Stages Transportation / Land Use Model, Relationship between Distance and Interactions, Representation of a Movement as a Spatial Interaction, A.2 – Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T), A.20 – Transportation Environmental Management, The Implementation of an Environmental Management System, A.3 – Symbolization of Transport Features in a GIS, Visual Resources and Geographical Features, Relationship between Distance and Opportunities, A.5 – Graph Theory: Definition and Properties, Basic Graph Representation of a Transport Network, Pi Index and the Shape of Transportation Networks, The Effects of Topography on Route Selection, Creation of a Connectivity Matrix with a Link Table, Topological Representation of a Simple Network in a Relational Database, Cost Minimization and Efficiency Maximization in Route Selection, Effect of Transport Costs on Route Selection, Appendix B – Applications and Case Studies, Digital Intermodalism: Blockchains and Intermodal Transportation, Expected Benefits of Blockchains on Supply Chains, B.11- Freight Distribution Clusters (Logistics Zones), Economic Benefits and Costs of Logistic Zones, Intermodal Terminals and Selected Co-Located Logistic Zones Projects in North America, Logistic Centric Industrial Park, Wheatland, Pennsylvania, Main Advantages of Port-Centric Logistic Zones, Potential Services Offered by a Logistics Zone, The Evolution of the Scope and Taxonomy of Logistic Areas, B.13 – The Containerization of Commodities, Bagged Coal Entering the Port of Cartagena to be Transloaded into Containers, Commodity Group and Containerization Level, Comparison Between Bulk and Containerized Commodity Transportation, Container Coal Stuffing Station, Cartagena, Container Coffee Stuffing Station, Port of Cartagena, Growth Factors behind the Containerization of Commodities, IMF All Commodity Index, Baltic Dry Index and Container Shipping Rates, 2000-2015, B.14 – The Logistics of Global Food Systems, Estimated Famine Victims since the Mid 19th Century, Food Consumed, Selected Countries (in grams per capita per day), Food Prices Relative to Average Hourly Wages, United States, 1919-2019, Global Average Food Losses by Food Type, 2010, World Agricultural Area, 1961-2016 (in hectares), Environmental Vicious Circle of Logistics, Hub-and-Spoke Network and the Environment, Logistic Activities and their Green Dimensions, The Food Mile: Yogurt Supply Chain, Germany, Weight and Packaging Improvements: iPad 1 versus iPad 2, B.16 – The Financing of Transportation Infrastructure, Examples of Highway Public / Private Partnerships in the United States, Risk Transfer and Private Sector Involvement in Public-Private Partnerships, Value Propositions behind the Interest of Equity Firms in Transport Terminals, B.18 – Climate Change and the Adaptation of Transport Infrastructure, Climate Change and its Potential Impacts on Transportation, Basic Reproduction Number (R0) of Major Infectious Diseases, Coronavirus (COVID-19) Reported Daily New Cases, 2020, Diffusion of a Pandemic through a Global Transportation Network, Empty Drugstore Shelves from Hoarding Behavior, Impacts of Transportation on the Velocity and Extent of a Pandemic, Influenza-Like Illnesses per 100,000 Population, Selected Countries, 2003-2015, Main Factors behind the Global Spread of Diseases, B.2 – Transportation and Mega-Urban Regions, B.20 – The St. Lawrence Seaway and Regional Development, Composition of the Traffic Transiting Through the St. Lawrence Seaway, 1978-2016, Construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway, 1958, First Ship to Cross the St. Lambert Lock, April 1959, Inauguration Ceremonies of the St. Lawrence Power Project, 1954, Locks of the Montreal – Lake Ontario Section of the Seaway prior to 1901, Ocean-Going Cargo Ship at the Port of Cleveland, Technical Characteristics of the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes System, Tonnage Transiting Through the St. Lawrence Seaway, 1960-2016, B.21 – The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Container Traffic Handled by the Port of New York, 1991-2016, Distribution of General Cargo Operations, Port of New York, 1959, 1987 and 2000, Facilities of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Freight handled at New York’s Major Airports, 1985-2016, On-Dock Rail Lifts, Port of New York, 1991-2016, Passengers Handled at New York’s Major Airports, 1989-2016, Port Inland Distribution Network of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, B.3 – Gateways and Transport Corridors in North America, Main North American Trade Corridors, Gateways and Inland Freight Clusters, Market Accessibility of Major North American Freight Distribution Clusters, Monthly Value of Surface Trade between the United States, Canada and Mexico, 1993-2016, Some North American Trade Corridor Initiatives, The North-American Container Port System and its Multi-Port Gateway Regions, Traffic Handled at Major North American Gateways, 2007, Breakeven Distances between Conventional Rail, High Speed Rail and Air Transportation, The Socioeconomic Context of High Speed Rail, Freight Traffic, DFW, HKG and KIX, 1982-2016, Passengers Traffic, DFW, HKG and KIX, 1982-2016, Surface of the World’s Largest Airport Terminals, International Tourists Arrivals and Receipts, 1950-2017, Monthly International Tourist Arrivals, 2011, Share of International Tourist Arrivals by Region, 1950-2015, B.8 – Petroleum: A Transportation Resource, Crude Oil Production and Consumption, China, 1980-2016, Estimated Oil Reserves, Selected OPEC Countries, 1980-1991 (billions of barrels), Main Origin of Crude Oil Imports, United States, 1973-2016, Nominal and Real Oil Price, 1870-2016 (Dollars per Barrel), Oil Production of Some Declining Regions, 1973-2016, OPEC Members and Countries with more than 10 Billion Barrels of Oil Reserves, Petroleum Production, Consumption and Imports, United States, 1949-2016, Proven Oil Reserves, 1980-2016 (thousand million barrels), Share of OPEC and the Persian Gulf in the World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2016, Shipping Lanes, Strategic Passages and Oil Reserves in the Middle East, United States Strategic Petroleum Reserves, 1977-2016, World Crude Oil Production and Consumption, 1965-2016, Availability of Fresh Produce by Season and Region, Containerization, Cold Chains and the Flexibility of Supply Chains, Crownless Pineapples in Cold Chain Inspection Room, Fresh Flowers Cold Chain, Ecuador-United States, Grocery Chain Cold Storage Facility, Regina, Grocery Section of a Large Food Distribution Center, Income per Capita and Perishable Share of Food Imports, Large Scale Grocery Cold Chain Distribution Center, Operational Conditions of Cold Chain Logistics, Palletized Bananas at a Cold Chain Warehouse, Preponderance of Fresh and Frozen Cargo by Transport Mode, Reefers and Source Loading in the Chilled Meat Cold Chain, Shelf Life of Selected Perishable Food Products, Source Loading of Chilled Meat in a Reefer, Subtropolis Underground Warehousing Facility, Kansas City, Major North American Rail Mergers, 1980-2005, Atomization versus Massification in Transportation Modes, Operational Differences between Passengers and Freight Transportation, The Core Principles of Transport Geography, Transport and Communication Costs Indexes, 1920-2015, Transportation and the Mobility of Passengers and Freight, 1.2 – Transportation and the Physical Environment, Absolute, Relative and Arbitrary Barriers, Global Accessibility: Time to the Nearest Large City, Global Space/Time Convergence: Days Required to Circumnavigate the Globe, Mail Delivery Times between New York and San Francisco, 1840-2000 (in days), Regional Space / Time Convergence, (London – Edinburgh, New York – Boston), Seasonal Variations of Major Global Wind Patterns, Speed Improvement Potential by Transport Mode, The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation, Transportation Networks and Geographical Concentration, Transportation Networks and Geographical Specialization, Volcanic Ash Plume across the North Atlantic, 2010, 1.3 – The Emergence of Mechanized Transportation Systems, An Early Steamship, the Great Britain, 1845, Break-Even Distance between Sail and Steam, 1850-1890, Cargo Carried by Steamship by Port City, 1890-1925, Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century, Completion of the Transcontinental Railway, 1869, Dutch East India Company, Trade Network, 18th Century, Effects of the Suez and Panama Canals on Travel Distances (in nautical miles), Evolution of the Railway Network (in km), 1850-1913, Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals, Impacts of Maury’s Navigation Charts on Sailing Time, 1850s, Inland Travel Time from New York, 1800 – 1830 (in days), Length of the British Railway System, 1830-1860, Length of the World’s Largest Railway Systems, 1913, Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times, 1833 – 1952 (in days), Major Canals Built in the 19th Century, American Northeast, Major Technological Innovations of the Industrial Revolution, Maritime Journey from Britain to Australia, 1788-1960, North American Coastal Trade System, 18th Century, Share of the Population in Agriculture, Early Industrial Countries, 1820-1910, Spanish and Portuguese Empires (1581-1640), Streetcar along Market Street, San Francisco, 1906, The Performance of Pre-industrial Means of Transportation, The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes (11th and 12th Centuries), Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century, 1.4 – The Setting of Global Transportation Systems, Automobile Production, Selected Countries, 1950-2018, Comparison between a Contemporary and a Second World War Tanker, Corporate Adaptation to Transport Innovations: American Express and Wells Fargo, Cost and Production of Ford Vehicles, 1908-1924, Cumulative Waves of Transport Development, Diffusion of Personal Computing Devices, 1977-2018, Diffusion of Telecommunication Services, 1985-2018, Global Production per Car Manufacturer, 1998-2017, Growth of the US Transport System, 19th – 21st Century, Main Technological Advances in Transportation and Telecommunication, Moore’s Law (Transistors per Microprocessor), 1971-2018, Phases of Development of the Global Economy, The First Transatlantic Jet Clipper (Boeing 707), 1958, Travel Time between London and the Rest of the World, 1914, United States Maritime Commission Cargo Ships, 1938-1947, US Household Penetration of Telecommunications, 1920-2015, 1.5 – Transportation and Commercial Geography, Economic, Transport and Commercial Geography, GDP Share of Manufacturing, Selected Countries, 1970-2017, Global Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index, 2015, Global Inflows of Foreign Direct Investments, 1990-2017, Increases in U.S. Commercial Freight Shipments and Related Growth Factors, 1993-2002, Major Commercial Actors in Freight Distribution, Monthly Retail Sales and Inventories, United States, 1992-2017, Share of East Asia in the Value of World Trade, 1980-2018, The Economic Output of the World’s Major Metropolitan Areas, 2012, The Footprint of Retail-Based and Distribution-Based Commercial Activities, Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index, 2008, Worldwide Mergers and Acquisitions, 1985-2018, Chapter 10 – Challenges for Transport Geography, 10.1 – Improving Transport Infrastructure, 10.3 – Social and Environmental Responsibility, Development of Operational Speed for Major Transport Modes, 1750-2010 (km per hour), Drivers of Change for Future Transportation, Evolution of Transport Technology since the 18th Century, Forces Shaping the Diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies in Freight Transportation, Potential Benefits of On Demand Services Compared with Conventional Taxi Services, Probability of Automation by Occupation Group, United States, 2018-2030, Value Chain Drivers of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Visualization of a Cargo Airship Prototype, Chapter 2 – Transportation and Spatial Structure, 2.1 – The Geography of Transportation Networks, Absolute and Relative Distance in a Network, Cost Structure of Point-to-Point and Hub-and-Spoke Networks, Cost, Revenue and Level of Network Coverage, Impacts of Integration Processes on Networks and Flows, Modes of Territorial Occupation by Transport Networks, Network Strategies to Service a Set of Locations, Point-to-Point versus Hub-and-Spoke Networks, Structural Components of Transport Networks, Transportation Network Efficiency and Resilience, Core-Periphery Stages of Development in a Urban System, Delimitation and Variations in Market Areas, Forces of Geographical Concentration and Dispersion, Market Size / Area Relationships in the Central Places Theory, Scales of Spatial Organization for Transportation, The Geographical Components of Connectivity, Trade, Connectivity and Spatial Inequalities, Transport Corridors and the Regional Spatial Structure, Transportation Infrastructures and their Constraints, World’s 250 Largest Corporations by Head Office City, Main Types of Economies in Production, Distribution and Consumption, The Four Main Locational Influences of Transportation, 2.4 – Information Technologies and Mobility, Forms of Digitalization in Freight Transportation, Information Technologies and the Corporate Structure, Mail Carried by USPS and Parcels Carried by Major Carriers, United States, 2004-2018, Organizational Form of the Information Society, The Substitution and Generation Effects of Information Technologies on Mobility, Chapter 3 – Transportation, Economy and Society, 3.1 – Transportation and Economic Development, A Multi-Layer Perspective about Transport and Economic Development, Cumulative Modal Contribution to Economic Opportunities, Diminishing Returns of Transport Investments, Economic Impacts of Transportation Infrastructure, Employment in Transportation, United States, 1990-2015, Factors behind the Development of Transport Systems, Impact of Recessions on Consumption, Production, and Trade, Logistics Costs and Average Transit Time of a 20 Foot Container, Mombasa – Nairobi, Services and their Associated Infrastructures, Share of Consumption by Sector and Income, Developing Countries, 2010, Share of Transport Costs in Product Prices and Average Domestic Haul Length, Time Sequence and Nature of Impacts of Transport Investments, Trade, Transportation and Geographic Specialization, Transport Impacts on Economic Opportunities, Transport Infrastructure Investment and Maintenance Spending as Share of GDP, 2015, Wealth Consumption Investment in Transport Infrastructure: Repaving a Sidewalk, World Bank Average Annual Lending by Mode, 2007, Economic Opportunities According to Automobile Ownership, Environmental Dimensions of Transportation, Pedestrian Fatalities, United States, 1990-2018, Probability of Pedestrian Fatality by Impact Speed, Relationship between GDP and Motorization, Selected Asian Countries, 1960-1990, Road Fatalities per 100,000 People, Selected Countries, Transport Fatalities by Mode, United States, 1970-2017, Average Fares Disbursed for JFK–LAX Route, 2009 (April to July), Daily Operating Expenses for Containerships per TEU, Freight Rates in TEU Between Singapore and Rotterdam, Household Expenditures on Transport, United States, 2005, Letters of Credit and Bills of Lading in Commercial Transactions, Maritime Transportation Rates for a 40 Foot Container between Selected Ports, 2010, Port Cost Components and Total Port Pricing per TEU, 2012, Retail Gasoline Prices and Annual Vehicle Mileage, United States, 1960-2017, Selected International Commercial Terms (Incoterms), Top 10 Commodity Groups Ranked by Value Per Ton, United States, 2002, 3.4 – The Provision and Demand of Transportation Services, Average Price of a Domestic Airfare Based on Advance Purchase, United States, 2013, Impacts of Modal Competition and Intermodal Capacity on Transport Supply, Major Supply Variables for Transportation Modes, Standard Transport Demand / Supply Function, Static and Dynamic Capacity of Transport Infrastructure, The Functions of Transport Supply and Demand, Chapter 4 – Transport, Energy and Environment, Annual Energy Consumption in England and Wales, 1560s to 1850s, Change in Vehicle-Miles Traveled in the United States and Nominal Spot Oil Prices, 1971-2019, Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector in the United States, Energy Consumption by Sector, OECD Countries, Energy Consumption by Transportation Mode in the United States, 1960-2016 (in Trillion BTUs), Energy Content of some Combustibles (in MJ/kg), Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type by Transport Sector, Fuel Consumption by Containership Size and Speed, Potential Impacts of High Energy Prices on Transportation, Power Generated by Steam Machines, Europe, 1840-1888, Total Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel in the United States, West Texas Intermediate, Monthly Nominal Spot Oil Price (1970-2020), Average CO2 Emissions by Passenger and Freight Transport Mode, Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile, 1975-2018, Average Global Temperature and World Carbon Emissions From Fossil Fuel Burning, 1880-2018, Environmental Externalities of Transportation, Estimated Air Pollutants Emitted by Highway Transportation in the United States, 1970-2018, Geographical Scales of the Environmental Externalities of Transportation, Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the Transportation Sector, Public Preferences for Priority between the Economy and the Environment, 1984-2019, Spatial and Durational Environmental Effects of Selected Environmental Externalities, The Environmental Relationships of Transportation Systems, Transportation Activities Affecting the Environment, Transportation Systems and the Environment, 4.3 – The Environmental Footprint of Transportation, Footprint of UPS Chicago Area Consolidation Hub, Population Density, Selected Cities, 1960-1990, Spatial Form, Pattern and Interaction and the Environmental Impacts of Transportation, Sustainable Urban Passenger Travel, Selected Cities, 4.4 – Transportation, Sustainability and Decarbonization, Sustainability Dimensions in the Transport Industry, Costs of Shipping a 40 foot Container to the American East Coast, 5.1 – Transportation Modes, Modal Competition and Modal Shift, Average Length of Haul, Domestic Passenger and Freight Transport, United States, 1960-2016, Comparison of  the Relative Efficiencies of Rail and Trucking, Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Cost, Four Travel Options between New York and Boston, 2004, Modal Competition, Complementarity and Shift along a Corridor, Modal Profile of Freight Transportation, United States, Modal Share of Freight Transportation, Selected Countries, 2008 (in % of ton-kms), Modal Split in the United States by Passenger Travel Distance, 1995, Performance Comparison for Selected Freight Modes, Annual Vehicle-Miles Traveled in the United States and Year-over-Year Changes, 1971-2018, Average Marginal Trucking Costs per Mile, United States, 2008-2017, Length of the Interstate Highway System and of the Chinese Expressway System, 1959-2017, Macadam Road Construction, Maryland, 1823, Rickshaws (becak), Jog Jakarta, Indonesia, Share of Cycling over the Total Amount of Trips, Selected Countries, 2015, Third Party Less-than-Truckload Service, FedEx, World Automobile Production and Fleet, 1965-2019, 40-Foot Containers Doublestacked on a Rail Car, American Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1988-2016, Average Speed of Class I Railroads, 1945-2015, Capital Expenditures as % of Revenue for Selected Economic Sectors, Comparison Between European, North American and Pacific Asian Railways, Composition of the North American Intermodal Rail Fleet, Development of High Speed Train Traffic, 1964-2017, Economic Rationale of Rail Transportation, Major North American Rail Corridors Improved since 2000, Modal Share before and after the Introduction of a High Speed Train, Oil and Gas Pipelines Mileage in the United States, 1960-2017, Ownership of Major North American Rail Lines, 2017, Rail Track Mileage and Number of Class I Rail Carriers, United States, 1830-2017, Share of Rail Passenger Traffic to Total Rail Traffic, Spatial Performance of Rail and Road Transportation, The Alameda Corridor and Containers Handled by the San Pedro Bay Ports, 2002-2018, The North American Intermodal Rail System, Travel Times before and after the Introduction of a High Speed Rail Service (hours), Types and Functions of Rail Freight Corridors, ‘E’ Class Containership, The Evelyn Maersk, Channel Ferry Ship Entering the Port of Le Havre, France, Characteristics of Short Sea Shipping Services, Factors Impacting Maritime Shipping Networks, Flexibility and Specialization of Major Ship Designs, International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 1955-2018, Laker Ship Supplying a Steel Mill in Hamilton, Ontario, Length of the Major Inland Waterway Systems, Operating Costs of Panamax and Post-Panamax Containerships, Schedule Reliability in Container Shipping, 2010, Share of Foreign-flagged Deadweight Tonnage, 1989-2017, Specifications for Very Large Post-Panamax Containerships, The Maritime Transport Life Cycle and Main National Actors, The North American Short Sea Shipping Market, World Merchant Fleet, Tonnage Registered per Ship Size, 1970-2017, World Seaborne Trade by Cargo Type, 1970-2018, A380 at the Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, Air Hubs and Market Fragmentation at Chicago, Air Transportation Growth (Passengers and Freight) and Economic Growth, 1950-2016, Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks, Annual Passenger Plane Load Factor, World and United States, 1950-2018, Average Airfare (roundtrip) between New York and London, 1946-2015, Changes in the Duration of Selected Scheduled Flights, 1996-2019 (hours), Characteristics of Major Air Travel Markets, Flight Times by Piston and Jet Engines from New York, Largest Airline Companies by Revenue, 2019 (in $millions), Main Air Transport Service Ranges (From New York), Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2015, Major Air Traffic Flows Between Regions, 2010, Market Share of Main Airline Alliances, 2015, Market Share of the top American Airlines, 1977-2018, Monthly Global Air Passenger Traffic, 2010, New York / Hong Kong Air Routes: Conventional and Polar, Number of Yearly Fatalities due to Air Transport Crashes, 1918-2018, Passenger Airlines Operating Costs, United States, 2019, Passenger and Cargo Share of Operating Revenues, Selected Airlines, 2013, Selected Transcontinental DC-3 Routes, Late 1930s, Shortest Air Route between London and Sydney, 1955 – 2020, The World’s Busiest Air Transport Routes, 2017, The World’s Longest Nonstop Air Transport Routes, 2016, Trends in Fuel Efficiency, Selected Passenger Jet Planes, World Air Traffic Pattern over a 24 Hour Period, World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, 1950-2018, World’s 10 Largest Passengers and Freight Airlines, 2018, 5.6 – Intermodal Transportation and Containerization, Ad Hoc Intermodalism: Containers being Unloaded to a Barge, Advantages and Drawbacks of Containerization, Average Cost per TEU by Containership Capacity and By Route, 1997, Carrying Capacity of Containers (in cubic feet), Composition of the Global Fleet of Containers, 2012, Conditions and Outcomes of Intermodal Transport, Container Recycled as a Bus Shelter, South Africa, Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 1995-2018, Containerized Housing Units, Le Havre, France, Domestic 53 Foot Containers Doublestacked, Driving Forces of Containerization and Intermodalism, Economies and Diseconomies of Scale in Container Shipping, Geared Reefer Containership entering the Zeebrugge Harbor, Impacts of River / Sea Shipping on a Transport Chain, Integrated Transport Systems: From Fragmentation to Coordination, Intermodal Transportation as an Integrative Force, Intermodalism, Multimodalism and Transmodalism, Main Physical Characteristics of ISO Containers, Moving a 40 Foot Container between the American East Coast and Western Europe, North American Containerized Trade with Asia, 1995-2018, Number of Units and Weight of Standard Consumption Goods that Can be Carried by a 20 Foot Container, Pallets waiting to be loaded in a container, Shenzhen, China, Piggyback (TOFC) and Doublestack (COFC) Train Cars, Remote Verification of Container Identification at a Port Terminal Gate, Shifts in Containerized Maritime Transportation, Stacked 40-Foot Empty Containers, Yantian, China, The Container as a Transport, Production, Distribution Unit, Value Per Ton of U.S. Freight Shipments by Transportation Mode, 1993-2007, World Container Throughput, 1980-2017 (millions of TEU), 6.1 – The Function of Transport Terminals, Added Value Functions Performed Around Freight Terminals, Advantages and Disadvantages of Transloading, Containerization and the Changing Operational Characteristics of Transport Terminals, Conventional Intermodal Terminal Equipment, Freight Terminal Hierarchy and Added Value, Integration between Port and Airport Terminals, Main Characteristics of Freight Transport Terminals, Modal and Temporal Separation at Freight Transport Terminals, Physical Separation between Modes and Passengers / Cargo at Terminals, 6.2 – Transport Terminals and Hinterlands, Coastal, Landlocked and Relatively Landlocked Markets, Continuous and Discontinuous Port Hinterlands, Elements of the Maritime / Land Interface, Functional Integration of Freight Distribution Clusters, Hinterland Setting and Major Economic Regions, Inside-Out and Outside-In Port / Hinterland Integration, Strategies Used by Port Authorities to Coordinate their Hinterland, The Space / Cost Dichotomy of Forelands and Hinterlands, Vertical and Horizontal Integration in Port Development and Operations, Automated Guided Vehicles and Automated Stacking Cranes, Long Beach Container Terminal (LBCT), Average Monthly Container Traffic Share, Selected Ports, 2005-2010, Channel Depth at Major North American Container Ports, Container Port Traffic and Transshipment Traffic around the Caribbean Basin, 2015, Container Straddler, Port of Gothenburg, Sweden, Container Terminals of the World’s Major Port Holdings, 2019, Conventional and Emerging Container Terminal Configurations, Depth and Surface Distribution from a Sample of Container Terminals, Diffusion of Key Port Terminal Automation Technologies, Dredging Ship at the Port of Zeebrugge, Belgium, Emerging Paradigm in the Role of Port Authorities within their Port Regions, Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam, 1400-2030, Foreland and Hinterland-Based Regionalization, Fully and Semi Automated Container Terminals, Total Hectares, 2019, Functional Types of Port Centric Logistics, Harbor Types of the World’s Large Sized Ports, Largest Global Container Terminal Operators by Equity-Based Throughput, 2017, Loading Break-bulk Cargo, Port of New Orleans, early 20th Century, Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp, Modal Split at Selected European Container Ports, 2007, Modal Split at Selected North American Container Ports, 2007, Monthly Container Traffic at the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2020, Number of Large and Medium Ports by Channel Depth, Number of Transfers per Container between Ship and Shore, Panamax Containership at the Port of Le Havre, Port Authority Marketing Strategies and Stakeholder Types, Port Centric Logistics: From Dissociation to Reinsertion, Port Container Movements, 1980-2012 (in TEU), Port Elizabeth Intermodal Complex, Port of New York / New Jersey, Ports with the Highest Transshipment Incidence, 2008, Public and Private Roles in Port Management, Reefer Rack Storage, Porte Oceane Terminal, Le Havre, Regional Share in the Terminal Portfolio Largest Global Terminal Operators, 2018, Rubber-Tired Overhead Gantry Crane (RTG), Halterm Terminal, Halifax, Selection Factors for a Transshipment Hub, Stacked Reefer Storage, Maher Terminal, Newark, The Evolution of a Port (The Anyport Model), The Insertion and Location of Transshipment Hubs, The Insertion of a Satellite Terminal in Port Operations, The Main Activities of Landlord Port Authorities, BNSF Logistics Park Terminal, Joliet, Illinois, Configuration of a Rail Intermodal Container Terminal, CP Lachine Intermodal Rail Terminal, Montreal, Canada, Grain Elevator Rail Terminal, Regina, Saskatchewan, Intermodal Rail Rubber-tired Gantry Crane (Translift), On Dock Intermodal Rail Facility, Port of Veracruz, Ownership of North American Intermodal Rail Terminals, Rail Bundling Strategies and Operational Time, Roll On / Roll Off Rail Terminal, Port of Gothenburg, Airport Components and Terminal Configurations, Customs Pre-Clearance Airports for the United States, Distance from CBD and Age of the World’s Largest Airports, Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010, Headquarters of Fortune 1000 Companies and Population of Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, Hourly Level of Activity at Selected Airports, 2015, Modern Airport Terminal, Barajas, Madrid, Spain, On-Time Flight Arrivals in the United States, 1995-2018, Passenger and Freight Traffic at East and Southeast Asian Airports, 2010, Passenger and Freight Traffic at European Airports, 2010, Passenger and Freight Traffic at North American Airports, 2010, Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010, Seattle Light Rail – SeaTac Airport Station, Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal, Vertical and Lateral Passenger Flows at an Airport Terminal, World’s Largest Air Passenger and Freight Traffic by Metropolitan Area, 2010, Chapter 7 – Trade, Logistics and Freight Distribution, 7.1 – Transborder and Crossborder Transportation, Empty Trucks Crossing the Border between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, International Trade, Transportation Chains and Logistics, Modal Shares of U.S.-NAFTA-Partner Merchandise Trade by Value and Weight, 2014, Modal Shares of World Trade by Volume and Value, 2008, NAFTA Transborder Truck Flows and Traffic at US Ports of Entry, 2002, Oil Transited at Major Strategic Locations, 2016, The Effect of a Border on a Transportation Network, The Effect of a Border on Freight Distribution, The Trans-Asian Railway (Eurasian Landbridge), 7.2 – Globalization and International Trade, American Foreign Trade by Maritime Containers, 2010, Changes in the Value World’s Merchandise Trade, Production and GDP, 1950-2018 (in %), Customs Fraud by Misclassification of Goods, Economic Integration and Interdependencies, Favorable and Contentious Factors in International Trade, Global Containerized Trade by Main Cargo Category (in TEU), Global Merchandise Exports and Container Throughput, 1980-2017, Global Trade and Container Throughput (1970=100), Impacts of Economic Integration Processes on Networks and Flows, International Trade of Merchandises, 2003-2013, Merchandise Exports by Trade Agreement, 2015, Merchandise Exports per Region, 1948-2018, Regional Averages in Trading Across Borders, 2012, Share of Product Groups in World Merchandise Trade, 1900-2015, Share of World Goods Exports, Leading Exporters, 1950-2018, Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), The Main Dimensions of Trade Facilitation, Value of Chinese Exports and FDI, 1983-2018 (Billions of $US), World’s 20 Largest Corporations by Revenue, 2019, World’s Largest Exporters and Importers, 2018, Yuan Exchange Rate (per USD), 1981-2019 (Monthly), 7.3 – Freight Transportation and Value Chains, Benefits of Improved Freight Transportation on Value Chains, Competitive Advantages of Multinational Corporations, Disconnection of Global Production and Distribution, Fordist and a Post-Fordist Production System, Global Production Networks and Location Strategies, Industrial Agglomeration and Transportation, Key Information Technology Drivers in Freight Distribution, Maintaining Temperature Integrity along a Cold Chain, Major Components to Price Reductions by the Chinese Manufacturing Sector, 2005, Share of the World Commodity Consumption, China and United States, c2009/10, Steel Wires in a Warehouse, Port of Halifax, Supply Chains, Transport Chains and Added Value, The Corporation as a Decision, Management and Planning Unit, The Functional and Geographical Integration of Value Chains, The Transition Towards Manufacturing Capabilities, Types of Corporations by Multinational Expansion Strategy, Value Chains and Freight Transport Systems, Changes in the Logistical Orientation of Distribution Systems, Comparison Between Retail and E-commerce Cost Structures for a $150 Apparel Piece, Conventional and Contemporary Arrangement of Goods Flow, Distribution and Related Logistics Activities, E-Commerce Facilities Operated by Amazon in the United States, 2018, Elements of Supply Chain Connectivity, Integration and Coordination, Freight Distribution and Network Strategies, Global Logistics Costs by Function and Mode, 2018, High Rack Storage at Skechers Automated Distribution Center, Moreno, California, Key Drivers for Third and Fourth Party Logistics Providers, Kroger Automated Distribution Center, Paramount, California, Location and Design Criteria for Distribution Centers, Logistical Activities Related to Containerization, Logistical Improvements, Manufacturing Sector, 1960s to 2010s, Logistics Costs, United States, 1980-2017, Logistics Facilities Supporting E-commerce, Main Core Competencies of Third Party Logistics Providers, Optimal Location and Throughput by Number of Freight Distribution Centers, Proximity and Intermediacy for Distribution Clusters, Purchase and Delivery Profile of Online Retail Users, United States, 2016, Services Offered by Third and Fourth Party Logistics Providers, The “Last Mile” in Inland Freight Distribution, The Impacts of E-commerce on Freight Distribution, The Logistics Virtuous and Vicious Cycles, The Role of Distribution Centers and Warehouses, UPS Chicago Area Consolidation Hub (CACH), Value-added Activities Performed at Logistic Zones, Value-Added Functions and Differentiation of Supply Chains, Average Commuting Time (One Way), Selected Metropolitan Areas, Density and Car Use in Selected Global Cities, 2000s, Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City, Evolution of Transportation and Urban Form in North America and Europe, Evolution of Urban Densities in North America and Europe, High Density Structured Urban Form, Paris, Land Area Consumed by Roads and Parking Facilities in Selected Countries, 1999, Metropolitan Areas with more than 12 million Inhabitants, 2015, One Hour Commuting According to Different Urban Transportation Modes, Pedestrian, Cycling and Road Spaces, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Perspectives about the Urban Spatial Structure: From Dichotomy to Continuum, Population Density by Distance from City Center, Selected Cities, Population Density of the World’s Largest Metropolitan Areas, 2012, Service Attributes of Urban Transport Modes, Share of Housing Units Equipped with Air Conditioning by Region in the United States, 1980-2015, Suburban Development along an Highway Interchange, Transportation and the Urban Spatial Structure, Transportation, Urban Form and Spatial Structure, Urban Population (in 1,000s) and Percentage of Urban Population per Continent, 1950-2030, World Urban Population, 1950-2015 with Projections to 2050, Contemporary Modifications to the Land Rent Theory, Inference of Von Thunen’s Model to Continental United States, Land Use Footprint in Selected Central Areas, Population Density Changes by Census Block, Chicago 2000-2010, Sector and Nuclei Urban Land Use Representations, The Hybrid Land Use Model: Transportation and the Formation of Urban Landscapes, Transport Infrastructure and Activity Location, Transportation, Activity Systems and Land Use, Average Annual Person Trips per Household by Trip Purpose, United States, 1983-2017, Daily Person Miles of Travel per Person by Age and Gender, 2017, Modal Split, Journey to Work Trips, Selected Cities, Number of Monthly Trips by for Hire Services, New York City, The Electric Street Car (Lisbon, Portugal), Transit Technology and Urban Development, Late 19th, Early 20th Century, Trips by Public Transport in the United States, 1903-2018, Typical Activity Space of an Urban Working Adult, Typical Car and Truck Trips Distribution by Time of the Day, Urban Travel by Purpose and by Time of the Day in a North American Metropolis, Weekly Distribution of Transit Scheduled Trips and Uber Pickups, Los Angeles, Work-Related Mobility in the United States, Automobile Dependency, Space / Time Relationships and Modal Choice, Average Daily Commuting Time, Selected Countries, 2015 (in minutes), Average Hourly Traffic on George Washington Bridge, 2016, Average Number of Hours of Delay per Auto Commuter per Year, Selected American Cities, 1982-2017, Central Business District Monthly Parking Rate, 2011, City Size and Travel Time Index, United States, 1982-2017, Factors Contributing to the Growth of Driving, Farebox Recovery Ratio, Selected Transit Systems, Geographical Paradoxes behind Urban Transport Challenges, Home-to-Work Commute Profile, United States, 1977-2017, Home-to-Work Trips Modes, United States, 1985-2016, Key Issues in Urban Freight Transportation, Major Sources of Recurring and Non-Recurring Congestion, Parking Accumulation by Land Use by Time of the Day, Percentage of Households by Number of Vehicles, 1960-2017, Spatial Structure Challenges of Urban Transit, Traffic Index, Selected Metropolitan Areas, Transit Fare for the New York City Subway, 1904-2015 (inflation adjusted), Travel Time Index per Year, Selected American Cities, 1982-2017, Urban Density and Driving Speed, Selected Global Cities, Chapter 9 – Transport Planning and Policy, Common Problems Linked with Government Intervention, Coordination and Implementation of National Logistics Policies: Developing Logistics Capabilities, Coordination and Implementation of National Logistics Policies: Developing Niche Logistics, Coordination and Implementation of National Logistics Policies: Digitalization, Coordination and Implementation of National Logistics Policies: Improving Last Mile Logistics, Coordination and Implementation of National Logistics Policies: Improving the Global Interface of Logistics, Coordination and Implementation of National Logistics Policies: Improving Trade Facilitation, Coordination and Implementation of National Logistics Policies: Providing a Land Base for Logistics Infrastructure and Activities, Shift in Public Transport Policy Perspective, Some Legislations in the Deregulation of Transport in the United States and Canada, The Jones Act and International Maritime Markets, Closure of the North American Airspace, September 11, 2001, Thefts by Type of Cargo and Location, United States, 2016, Worldwide Attacks Inside an Aircraft by Type, 1970-2009, Global Plate Tectonics and Seismic Activity, Number of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones by Month (1851-2018), Probability of a Geomagnetic Storm with a Field Change Greater than 300 Nanoteslas per Minute (22-year cycle), Remotely Sensed Sea Level Change, 1992-2012, Types of Transportation Networks and Vulnerabilities. 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