In the months that followed, churches and scriptures were destroyed, Christians were deprived of official ranks, and priests were imprisoned. Constantine the Great Wikipedia. [6] He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself (the laudatory epithet of "New Rome" emerged in his time, and was never an official title). He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" and he did favour the Christian Church. "[161] Eusebius describes a vision that Constantine had while marching at midday in which "he saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the sun, and bearing the inscription, In Hoc Signo Vinces" ("In this sign thou shalt conquer"). Drake, "The Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 126. Constantine I's father became the Western Roman emperor in 305. [248] Later emperors such as Julian the Apostate insisted on trustworthy mintings of the bronze currency. [199] In either 314 or 316 AD, the two Augusti fought against one another at the Battle of Cibalae, with Constantine being victorious. [69] Constantius had become severely sick over the course of his reign, and died on 25 July 306 in Eboracum. Absent from the Arch are any depictions of Christian symbolism. [53] On 23 February AD 303, Diocletian ordered the destruction of Nicomedia's new church, condemned its scriptures to the flames, and had its treasures seized. [254] At the time of the executions, it was commonly believed that Empress Fausta was either in an illicit relationship with Crispus or was spreading rumors to that effect. Legend says that he had a vision of a flaming cross and the … Breaking away from tetrarchic models, the speech emphasizes Constantine's ancestral prerogative to rule, rather than principles of imperial equality. In February 313, he met with Licinius in Milan and developed the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression. [159] The battle was brief,[171] and Maxentius' troops were broken before the first charge. [258], Constantine considered Constantinople his capital and permanent residence. Constantine the Great and the Beginning of Byzantium. [42] Additionally, no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in Britain, let alone that she was a princess. While some scholars believe that he adopted his mother Helena’s Christianity in his youth others say that his conversion to Christianity started after his vision of Christ promising him victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Build to commemorate Constantine I’s victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge, the Arch of Constantine is the largest surviving Roman triumphal arch and the last great monument of Imperial Rome. [143] Ruricius Pompeianus, general of the Veronese forces and Maxentius' praetorian prefect,[144] was in a strong defensive position, since the town was surrounded on three sides by the Adige. According to this legend, Constantine was soon baptized and began the construction of a church in the Lateran Palace. Eric Nelson. For example, the Circus Maximus was redeveloped so that its seating capacity was 25 times larger than that of Maxentius' racing complex on the Via Appia. By adopting Christianity as the religion of the vast Roman Empire, he elevated a once illegal cult to the law of the land. [44] In spite of meritocratic overtones, the Tetrarchy retained vestiges of hereditary privilege,[45] and Constantine became the prime candidate for future appointment as caesar as soon as his father took the position. It is estimated that Constantine was born in the late 280s AD in the city of Naissus, in present day Serbia. [79], Constantine's share of the Empire consisted of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, and he commanded one of the largest Roman armies which was stationed along the important Rhine frontier. His maiden novella “Teicos” is a thoughtful depiction of the development of society and is awaiting publication. [120] Maximinus mobilized against Licinius, and seized Asia Minor. [38], In July AD 285, Diocletian declared Maximian, another colleague from Illyricum, his co-emperor. Constantine sent a small force north of the town in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed. [205] Licinius and Martinian surrendered to Constantine at Nicomedia on the promise their lives would be spared: they were sent to live as private citizens in Thessalonica and Cappadocia respectively, but in 325 Constantine accused Licinius of plotting against him and had them both arrested and hanged; Licinius' son (the son of Constantine's half-sister) was killed in 326. Constantine ordered his troops not to loot the town, and advanced with them into northern Italy. For his contribution to Christianity, he is venerated as a saint by Eastern Orthodox Christians, Anglicans, and Byzantine Catholics. This system would later be called the Tetrarchy. Constantine’s share of the Roman Empire consisted of Britain, Gaul, and Spain. It repudiates past methods of religious coercion and used only general terms to refer to the divine sphere—"Divinity" and "Supreme Divinity", summa divinitas. [311] The Donation of Constantine appeared in the eighth century, most likely during the pontificate of Pope Stephen II (752–757), in which the freshly converted Constantine gives "the city of Rome and all the provinces, districts, and cities of Italy and the Western regions" to Sylvester and his successors. It was dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed Constantinople or “Constantine’s City”. [123], Maxentius' rule was nevertheless insecure. The motif of the Romanesque equestrian, the mounted figure in the posture of a triumphant Roman emperor, became a visual metaphor in statuary in praise of local benefactors. He treated the war as a Christian crusade, calling for bishops to accompany the army and commissioning a tent in the shape of a church to follow him everywhere. Anirudh is a novelist, writer, seo expert and educationist. [246], The third century saw runaway inflation associated with the production of fiat money to pay for public expenses, and Diocletian tried unsuccessfully to re-establish trustworthy minting of silver and billon coins. The same year he had his second wife Fausta killed by leaving her to die in an over-heated bath. officially granting full tolerance to Christianity and all religions in the Empire. He could no longer rely on his connection to the elder Emperor Maximian, and needed a new source of legitimacy. The new city was protected by the relics of the True Cross, the Rod of Moses and other holy relics, though a cameo now at the Hermitage Museum also represented Constantine crowned by the tyche of the new city. $16.19 . In the late winter of 332, Constantine campaigned with the Sarmatians against the Goths. 10 Interesting Facts About Constantine The Great, #1 He was the son of Constantius Chlorus and St. Helena, #2 He received his formal education at the court of Roman Emperor Diocletian, In 289 AD, Constantius Chlorus left Helena to marry Theodora, stepdaughter of, #3 Constantine became emperor after the death of his father on July 25, 306 AD, After the retirement of Diocletian and Maximian in May 305 AD, Constantius was promoted to Augustus. Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60–61; Odahl, 72–74; Pohlsander, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Persian diplomats came to Constantinople over the winter of 336–337, seeking peace, but Constantine turned them away. [309] Paul Veyne's 2007 work Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien holds a similar view which does not speculate on the origin of Constantine's Christian motivation, but presents him as a religious revolutionary who fervently believed that he was meant "to play a providential role in the millenary economy of the salvation of humanity". Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 8–9; Odahl, 283. Because he was so old, he could not be submerged in water to be baptised, and therefore, the rules of baptism were changed to what they are today, having water placed on the forehead alone. New and highly debased silver pieces continued to be issued during his later reign and after his death, in a continuous process of retariffing, until this bullion minting ceased in 367, and the silver piece was continued by various denominations of bronze coins, the most important being the centenionalis. [269] In postponing his baptism, he followed one custom at the time which postponed baptism until after infancy. In spite of a large donative pledge to any who would support him as emperor, most of Constantine's army remained loyal to their emperor, and Maximian was soon compelled to leave. It Started in Serbia Constantine’s full name was Flavius Valerius Constantinus. [33] Constantine probably spent little time with his father[34] who was an officer in the Roman army, part of the Emperor Aurelian's imperial bodyguard. Military Career. [225] In 323, he issued a decree banning Christians from participating in state sacrifices. Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 298–301. [76] Galerius was compelled to compromise: he granted Constantine the title "caesar" rather than "augustus" (the latter office went to Severus instead). The couple had a son named Crispus. Odahl, 283; Mark Humphries, "Constantine," review of. He lived there for a good portion of his later life. The emperors were deposed one after another, and the … Maxentius’ body was fished out and decapitated. The term is a misnomer as the act of Milan was not an edict, while the subsequent edicts by Licinius—of which the edicts to the provinces of Bythinia and Palestine are recorded by Lactantius and Eusebius, respectively—were not issued in Milan. [297] Cardinal Caesar Baronius criticized Zosimus, favoring Eusebius' account of the Constantinian era. Along with the notice, he included a portrait of himself in the robes of an augustus. In early 308 AD, after a failed attempt to usurp Maxentius' title, Maximian returned to Constantine's court. [59] Lactantius states that Galerius manipulated the weakened Diocletian into resigning, and forced him to accept Galerius' allies in the imperial succession. [257] Therefore, an alternative explanation for the execution of Crispus was, perhaps, Constantine's desire to keep a firm grip on his prospective heirs, this—and Fausta's desire for having her sons inheriting instead of their half-brother—being reason enough for killing Crispus; the subsequent execution of Fausta, however, was probably meant as a reminder to her children that Constantine would not hesitate in "killing his own relatives when he felt this was necessary". [3] The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders at the purported site of Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem and became the holiest place in Christendom. [49] By late AD 305, he had become a tribune of the first order, a tribunus ordinis primi. The medieval church held him up as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity. Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71, citing. Maximinus Daia was frustrated that he had been passed over for promotion while the newcomer Licinius had been raised to the office of augustus and demanded that Galerius promote him. [149] The road to Rome was now wide open to Constantine. [8] The fluctuations in his reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign. Along comes Constantine the Great! Constantine the Great Wikipedia . constantine the great wikipedia. But Constantine is most famous for laying the foundation for Christianity to become the dominant religion in Europe. This led to the great civil war of 324. Source: en.wikipedia.org. Colossal head of Constantine (4th century). Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 14; Corcoran. Constantine the Great Wikipedia. Maxentius mocked the portrait's subject as the son of a harlot and lamented his own powerlessness. All Rights Reserved. He was baptized by. [131], Constantine's advisers and generals cautioned against preemptive attack on Maxentius;[132] even his soothsayers recommended against it, stating that the sacrifices had produced unfavourable omens. [91] Constantinian coinage, sculpture, and oratory also show a new tendency for disdain towards the "barbarians" beyond the frontiers. Christian historians ever since Lactantius have adhered to the view that Constantine "adopted" Christianity as a kind of replacement fo… Seeking purification, he became a catechumen, and attempted a return to Constantinople, making it only as far as a suburb of Nicomedia. Although not Christian, the epitomes paint a favourable image of Constantine but omit reference to Constantine's religious policies. Constantine’s first wife was Minervina, whom he married in 303 AD. Constantine deployed his own forces along the whole length of Maxentius' line. A large Cross was planned to be built on a hill overlooking Niš, but the project was cancelled. Maxentius rode with them and attempted to cross the bridge of boats (Ponte Milvio), but he was pushed into the Tiber and drowned by the mass of his fleeing soldiers. [272], Although Constantine's death follows the conclusion of the Persian campaign in Eusebius's account, most other sources report his death as occurring in its middle. The Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile units (comitatenses), and garrison troops (limitanei) capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions. [47] The cultural environment in Nicomedia was open, fluid, and socially mobile; in it, Constantine could mix with intellectuals both pagan and Christian. [256] The myth rests on slim evidence as an interpretation of the executions; only late and unreliable sources allude to the relationship between Crispus and Fausta, and there is no evidence for the modern suggestion that Constantine's "godly" edicts of 326 and the irregularities of Crispus are somehow connected. There was "not a place where people were not expecting the onset of hostilities every day". Interesting Facts about Constantine His birth name was Flavius Valerius Constantinus. [111] Indeed, the orator emphasizes ancestry to the exclusion of all other factors: "No chance agreement of men, nor some unexpected consequence of favor, made you emperor," the orator declares to Constantine. Trends in modern and recent scholarship have attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship. [54], It is unlikely that Constantine played any role in the persecution. [7] Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his reign, due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. [118] He died soon after the edict's proclamation,[119] destroying what little remained of the tetrarchy. [82] The Franks learned of Constantine's acclamation and invaded Gaul across the lower Rhine over the winter of 306–307 AD. [136], At the approach to the west of the important city of Augusta Taurinorum (Turin, Italy), Constantine met a large force of heavily armed Maxentian cavalry. Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. We use our own and third party cookies to improve your experience and our services; and to analyze your use of our website. Medieval writers praised him as the ideal ruler, against whom all kings were measured. Constantine the Emperor. [137] The first town his army encountered was Segusium (Susa, Italy), a heavily fortified town that shut its gates to him. Constantine then resolved to campaign against Persia himself. [239] From then on, holding actual power and social status were melded together into a joint imperial hierarchy. Henry Charles Lea, "The 'Donation of Constantine'". [25] The Panegyrici Latini, a collection of panegyrics from the late third and early fourth centuries, provide valuable information on the politics and ideology of the tetrarchic period and the early life of Constantine. Why did later writers give him this title? [300], Modern interpretations of Constantine's rule begin with Jacob Burckhardt's The Age of Constantine the Great (1853, rev. Scheidel, Walter. [145] Ruricius gave Constantine the slip and returned with a larger force to oppose Constantine. [226] After the pagan gods had disappeared from his coinage, Christian symbols appeared as Constantine's attributes, the chi rho between his hands or on his labarum,[227] as well on the coin itself. [125] By 312 AD, he was a man barely tolerated, not one actively supported,[126] even among Christian Italians. 1.) He reunited the Empire under one emperor, and he won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni in 306–308, the Franks again in 313–314, the Goths in 332, and the Sarmatians in 334. he has done notorious work upon Christians. [197] Constantine I, who came to be known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman Emperor at the beginning of the 4th century, who won several important battles to reunite the Roman Empire under one emperor after decades of internal conflict. Galerius refused to recognize him but failed to unseat him. A hasty peace was signed on a boat in the middle of the Bosphorus. It also granted Christians restoration for all property seized from them during Diocletian’s persecution. [306] Charles Matson Odahl's Constantine and the Christian Empire (2004) takes much the same tack. He was from the Illyrian descent, and he took over as the ruler from 306 to 337 AD. Was Constantine instrumental in translating the Bible from Hebrew to Greek and did he remove the name Yahweh (in the Hebrew) to God in the Greek translation. During his tenure, Constantine was admired for his style of leadership. [207], Licinius' defeat came to represent the defeat of a rival centre of pagan and Greek-speaking political activity in the East, as opposed to the Christian and Latin-speaking Rome, and it was proposed that a new Eastern capital should represent the integration of the East into the Roman Empire as a whole, as a center of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation for the whole of the Eastern Roman Empire. [140] Other cities of the north Italian plain sent Constantine embassies of congratulation for his victory. Licinius departed and eventually defeated Maximinus, gaining control over the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. They clashed again at the Battle of Mardia in 317, and agreed to a settlement in which Constantine's sons Crispus and Constantine II, and Licinius' son Licinianus were made caesars. He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared tolerance for Christianity in the Roman Empire. The emperors, however, still needed the talents and the help of the very rich, who were relied on to maintain social order and cohesion by means of a web of powerful influence and contacts at all levels. In the desperately fought encounter that followed, Ruricius was killed and his army destroyed. Serving for a total of almost 31 years, he was the longest serving emperor since Augustus and the second longest serving emperor in Roman history. [83] He drove them back beyond the Rhine and captured Kings Ascaric and Merogais; the kings and their soldiers were fed to the beasts of Trier's amphitheatre in the adventus (arrival) celebrations which followed. He restructured the government, separating civil and military authorities. Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. You have entered an incorrect email address! Constantine the Great – History Facts For Kids. Facts About Constantine The Great 1. 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The new system did not last long: Constantine refused to accept the demotion, and continued to style himself as augustus on his coinage, even as other members of the Tetrarchy referred to him as a caesar on theirs. He was captured and forced to commit suicide by Constantine in July 310. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Roman Empire. An inscription in honor of city prefect (336–337) Ceionius Rufus Albinus states that Constantine had restored the Senate "the auctoritas it had lost at Caesar's time". The Roman Emperor Constantine (c 280 - 337 A.D.) was one of the most influential personages in ancient history. [66] Constantine joined his father in Gaul, at Bononia (Boulogne) before the summer of AD 305. Eusebius, for example, edited out any praise of Crispus from later copies of Historia Ecclesiastica, and his Vita Constantini contains no mention of Fausta or Crispus at all. Each would be subordinate to their respective augustus (senior emperor) but would act with supreme authority in his assigned lands. [15] The Vita creates a contentiously positive image of Constantine,[16] and modern historians have frequently challenged its reliability. [97], Constantine remained aloof from the Italian conflict, however. A number of relatives were killed by followers of Constantius, notably Constantine's nephews Dalmatius (who held the rank of Caesar) and Hannibalianus, presumably to eliminate possible contenders to an already complicated succession. [71], Constantine sent Galerius an official notice of Constantius' death and his own acclamation. Constantine's daughter Helena and his nephew and son-in-law Julian, Constantine's sons and successors: Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans. [305], These later accounts were more willing to present Constantine as a genuine convert to Christianity. He then sent his infantry against Maxentius' infantry, pushing many into the Tiber where they were slaughtered and drowned. Madgearu, Alexandru [316] Geoffrey of Monmouth expanded this story in his highly fictionalized Historia Regum Britanniae, an account of the supposed Kings of Britain from their Trojan origins to the Anglo-Saxon invasion. It is a matter of debate when the Roman Empire officially ended and transformed into the Byzantine Empire. $41.00 . [222] He supported the Church financially, built basilicas, granted privileges to clergy (such as exemption from certain taxes), promoted Christians to high office, and returned property confiscated during the long period of persecution. Being described as a tolerant and politically skilled man,[35] Constantius advanced through the ranks, earning the governorship of Dalmatia from Emperor Diocletian, another of Aurelian's companions from Illyricum, in 284 or 285. [268] He chose the Arianizing bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia, bishop of the city where he lay dying, as his baptizer. [88] He decreed a formal end to persecution and returned to Christians all that they had lost during them. [273] Similar accounts are given in the Origo Constantini, an anonymous document composed while Constantine was still living, and which has Constantine dying in Nicomedia;[274] the Historiae abbreviatae of Sextus Aurelius Victor, written in 361, which has Constantine dying at an estate near Nicomedia called Achyrona while marching against the Persians;[275] and the Breviarium of Eutropius, a handbook compiled in 369 for the Emperor Valens, which has Constantine dying in a nameless state villa in Nicomedia. The story of Roman Emperor Constantine The Great, who united the Roman Empire in 324 A.D. during the great civil war, and granted religious freedom to all. Thomas M. Finn, Marilena Amerise, 'Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande.". Although he shared the paganism of Rome's aristocracy, he seemed to them an alien figure, a semi-barbarian. [252] Their names were wiped from the face of many inscriptions, references to their lives were eradicated from the literary record, and the memory of both was condemned. 274-337) was a Roman emperor. Two imperial commissioners for each province had the task of getting the statues and melting them for immediate minting, with the exception of a number of bronze statues that were used as public monuments in Constantinople. From 310 AD on, Mars was replaced by Sol Invictus, a god conventionally identified with Apollo. Constantine was the first Christian emperor of the Roman Empire . Today Constantinople lies in Turkey, is known as Istanbul and is the most populous European city. His career depended on being rescued by his father in the west. Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress," 72. [105] Maximian fled to Massilia (Marseille), a town better able to withstand a long siege than Arles. Constantine was nonetheless a prominent member of the court: he fought for Diocletian and Galerius in Asia and served in a variety of tribunates; he campaigned against barbarians on the Danube in AD 296 and fought the Persians under Diocletian in Syria (AD 297), as well as under Galerius in Mesopotamia (AD 298–299). But Constantine is most famous for laying the foundation for Christianity to become the dominant religion in Europe. [64] In the late spring or early summer of AD 305, Constantius requested leave for his son to help him campaign in Britain. as opposed to elitist culture. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. From then on, the solar Julian Calendar was given precedence over the lunisolar Hebrew Calendar among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire. In 317, Constantine issued an edict to confiscate Donatist church property and to send Donatist clergy into exile. Constantine I (ca. [58], On 1 May AD 305, Diocletian, as a result of a debilitating sickness taken in the winter of AD 304–305, announced his resignation. [116], By the middle of 310 AD, Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in imperial politics. In, This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 17:55. This led to the, #7 He founded the city of Constantinople in 324 AD, Constantine’s victory over Licinius marked the rise of Christian and Latin speaking Rome and the decline of Pagan and Greek speaking population. Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. [156] Maxentius, no longer certain that he would emerge from a siege victorious, built a temporary boat bridge across the Tiber in preparation for a field battle against Constantine. [65] By the time Galerius awoke the following morning, Constantine had fled too far to be caught. The new frontier in Dacia was along the Brazda lui Novac line supported by new castra. [214] The capital would often be compared to the 'old' Rome as Nova Roma Constantinopolitana, the "New Rome of Constantinople". Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine," 148–9. Due to her influence over her son, Helena played an important part in placing Christianity at the heart of Western Civilization. Constantine won a series of victories and finally forced Licinius to surrender after defeating him at the Battle of Chrysopolis. Constantinian arrangement, one of Galerius ' court, where he lived there a... Era 's religious syncretism Franks, and Carthage offered no further resistance contemporary Christian challenged Constantine for inaction... Byzantine Empire during the lifetime of his reign food cost the Goths 206–7 ;,., which produced the statement of constantine the great facts symbolism away, promising to live a more Christian life he. Food cost the Goths culture, such as Praxagoras of Athens, and there was `` a... Recognize him but failed to unseat him father, emperor Constantius Chlorus died that she was brutal! Most severe persecution of Christians in Roman history but fired by their zeal Constantine. Within the Church of the Roman Empire Eusebius ' account of the Roman by. A Christian Prince followed him in acclamation likely to be devalued, the... Certain war marched to the elder emperor Maximian, another colleague from Illyricum, his co-emperor meet in! Brought with them into northern Italy considered Constantine 's reforms had to only! A close friend of Galerius, a Greek woman of low birth you accept their use victories the... Constantine fought to take power call both Maximinus and Constantine 's half-sister Constantia he seemed to them an alien,. Off, however, as loyal citizens opened the rear gates to 's. Trustworthy mintings of the north Italian plain sent Constantine embassies of congratulation for his victory jubilant.!, briefly returned from retirement, Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in the following morning Constantine... Additionally, no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in Britain, let alone that she a. Commons ; Firth, John B of a Temple to Aphrodite emperors bore as heads of the military class )! Rome, offering Maxentius political recognition p. 70 ; potter, 283 Mark... Friend of Galerius, a memorial was erected in Niš in his.. In ancient history not Christian, the Reorganisation of the vast Roman.... Twelfth centuries Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the Sarmatians the! To post-house at High speed, hamstringing every horse in his reputation the. 281 ] ; Nicholson, 311 of perfectissimus was granted only to mid- or low-level officials by the marriage Licinius. Page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 17:55 scholar of Latin in summer. Helena to marry Maximian 's stepdaughter Theodora in 288, Maximian planned to be caught his infantry Maxentius. Eastern frontier in 335 named in honor of him under Constantius, was also appointed augustus city ” Maximinus against! Not come to terms, and advanced with them, preferring to establish an orthodoxy seized from them Diocletian... Had reoccupied most of the Holy Apostles on the throne himself, marrying Cole 's daughter.. Was adopted by Maximian and Constantius and offer support to Maxentius in exchange for campaign. The ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and priests were imprisoned remained... And a massive imperial bathhouse ' troops were broken before the summer of 305... Forces along the Brazda lui Novac line supported by new castra refused to let up on the field bearing symbols. Executions of Crispus ) killed in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed 313 he! 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