[194], Amphetamine has a very similar structure and function to the endogenous trace amines, which are naturally occurring neuromodulator molecules produced in the human body and brain. These drugs can cause addiction if they are misused. Amphetamine[note 2] (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant marketed under the brand name Evekeo, among others. The free base is then dissolved in an organic solvent, sulfuric acid added, and amphetamine precipitates out as the sulfate salt. [27], Amphetamine exerts its behavioral effects by altering the use of monoamines as neuronal signals in the brain, primarily in catecholamine neurons in the reward and executive function pathways of the brain. [109] One review noted that exercise may also prevent the development of a drug addiction by altering ΔFosB or c-Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum or other parts of the reward system. [note 15][136], In rodents and primates, sufficiently high doses of amphetamine cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity, or damage to dopamine neurons, which is characterized by dopamine terminal degeneration and reduced transporter and receptor function. For everything you want to know, talk to FRANK. Amphetamines are used for recreational purposes. [36] Amphetamine can enter the presynaptic neuron either through DAT or by diffusing across the neuronal membrane directly. [25][68] Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency (motivation to perform a task) and increase arousal (wakefulness), in turn promoting goal-directed behavior. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. [154] This increase in extracellular glutamate presumably occurs via the amphetamine-induced internalization of EAAT3, a glutamate reuptake transporter, in dopamine neurons. Amphetamines are derived from ephedra (Ephedra sinica), a plant native to China and Mongolia.For centuries, many cultures have used ephedra as a … According to the authors, side effects were minimal, and no drug dependency was seen. It can show up in your urine long after you've taken it. Please Press F. Smonking Ganja Ironically. [237], As a result of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance, as defined in the treaty, in all 183 state parties. Welcome to Toonhub! MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. See more of Amphetameme on Facebook. Minor effects on the cardiovascular system, including a rise in heart rate and blood pressure, may have long-term effects. [36][150][151], Similar to dopamine, amphetamine dose-dependently increases the level of synaptic norepinephrine, the direct precursor of epinephrine. [83] Amphetamine has also been shown to pass into breast milk, so the IPCS and the USFDA advise mothers to avoid breastfeeding when using it. Both stimulants cause increased blood pressure and a faster heart rate and they both speed up your metabolism and increase body temperature. amphetameme what is it. [4] Following absorption, amphetamine readily distributes into most tissues in the body, with high concentrations occurring in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue. It is illegal to make or sell amphetamines, and to possess or use them unless under medical supervision. [11] Roughly 90% of ingested amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after the last oral dose. [34][173][174], In December 2017, the first study assessing the interaction between amphetamine and human carbonic anhydrase enzymes was published;[175] of the eleven carbonic anhydrase enzymes it examined, it found that amphetamine potently activates seven, four of which are highly expressed in the human brain, with low nanomolar through low micromolar activating effects. [sources 6] However, amphetamine pharmaceuticals are contraindicated in individuals with cardiovascular disease. Speed enthält in der Regel Amphetamin, Methamphetamin sowie Ephedrin (ein Alkaloid aus der Pflanzen-Gattung Ephedra), Koffein und Verschnittstoffe (z. Currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall,[note 4] dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. [239] Outside Europe, the illicit market for amphetamine is much smaller than the market for methamphetamine and MDMA. [114] Most of the research on gene regulation and addiction is based upon animal studies with intravenous amphetamine administration at very high doses. [96][108][118] Sufficiently overexpressing ΔJunD in the nucleus accumbens with viral vectors can completely block many of the neural and behavioral alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by ΔFosB). Amphetamines are stimulant drugs that increase the activity of certain chemicals in the brain. Pages Liked by This Page. Amphetameme. [38] The effects of amphetamine on the gastrointestinal tract are unpredictable. [62][63] A Cochrane review on the treatment of ADHD in children with tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome indicated that stimulants in general do not make tics worse, but high doses of dextroamphetamine could exacerbate tics in some individuals. [34][27][83] It is also contraindicated in individuals with advanced arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), glaucoma (increased eye pressure), hyperthyroidism (excessive production of thyroid hormone), or moderate to severe hypertension. Amphetamines (including speed) are a group of stimulant drugs used to stay awake, energised and alert. Home; List of Amphetamines; List of Amphetamines. Fears of the drug’s side effects and its potential for addiction and abuse caused them to fall out of favor for this purpose. In der Drogenszene werden Amphetamine oft als "Speed" angeboten. simps assemble. [205] For example, racemic amphetamine can be treated with d-tartaric acid to form a diastereoisomeric salt which is fractionally crystallized to yield dextroamphetamine. [1], An amphetamine overdose can lead to many different symptoms, but is rarely fatal with appropriate care. This, they say, could help curb obesity and related complications, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Amphetastream is live now — playing Fortnite. Recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. [194] The first amphetamine-metabolizing microbial enzyme, tyramine oxidase from a strain of E. coli commonly found in the human gut, was identified in 2019. Filters. A person with narcolepsy will experience excessive daytime sleepiness and irresistible sleep episodes, called “sleep attacks.”. [note 16][149], In general, there is no significant interaction when consuming amphetamine with food, but the pH of gastrointestinal content and urine affects the absorption and excretion of amphetamine, respectively. Last medically reviewed on December 22, 2017, People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can benefit greatly from developing a daily exercise routine. Currently, medical professionals do not recommend using amphetamines and their derivatives to help reduce obesity. Nutrition and mental health: Is there a link? [38], Amphetamine stimulates the medullary respiratory centers, producing faster and deeper breaths. As a member of the phenethylamine class, amphetamine is also chemically related to the naturally occurring trace amine neuromodulators, specifically phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, both of which are produced within the human body. Yesterday at 11:00 PM. [58] Children with ADHD who use stimulant medications generally have better relationships with peers and family members, perform better in school, are less distractible and impulsive, and have longer attention spans. Methamphetamine is often used recreationally for its effects as a potent euphoriant and stimulant as well as aphrodisiac qualities.. It is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. [36][150], Amphetamine exerts analogous, yet less pronounced, effects on serotonin as on dopamine and norepinephrine. The ADHD-related outcome domains with the greatest proportion of significantly improved outcomes from long-term continuous stimulant therapy include academics (≈55% of academic outcomes improved), driving (100% of driving outcomes improved), non-medical drug use (47% of addiction-related outcomes improved), obesity (≈65% of obesity-related outcomes improved), self-esteem (50% of self-esteem outcomes improved), and social function (67% of social function outcomes improved). Now, it is mainly used to treat ADHD, and, rarely, depression. In rare cases, amphetamines are used alongside standard antidepressants to treat some types of depression that do not respond to other treatments, especially in people who also experience fatigue and apathy. [36][37] Imaging studies indicate that monoamine reuptake inhibition by amphetamine and trace amines is site specific and depends upon the presence of TAAR1 co-localization in the associated monoamine neurons. [sources 16] Amphetamine has a variety of excreted metabolic products, including 4-hydroxyamphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetone, benzoic acid, hippuric acid, norephedrine, and phenylacetone. Physicians prescribe them for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and other health conditions. Sort by . Find out how it feels to be high on amphetamines without actually taking them. [48][28] During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by both the Allied and Axis forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects. or. A review published in Cochrane in 2011 suggested that adults with ADHD might benefit from short-term use of amphetamines, but that they were unlikely to persist with the treatment because of adverse effects. [sources 2], At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. Amphetamine has been trialed for a wide variety of conditions. You might feel energetic on the way up but depressed on the way down. [27][38] Amphetamine products such as Adderall, Dexedrine, and their generic equivalents are currently approved by the USFDA for long-term therapeutic use. [42][55] One review highlighted a nine-month randomized controlled trial of amphetamine treatment for ADHD in children that found an average increase of 4.5 IQ points, continued increases in attention, and continued decreases in disruptive behaviors and hyperactivity. Yesterday at 9:39 PM . [219] Chromatographic methods specific for amphetamine are employed to prevent false positive results. [220] GC–MS of amphetamine and methamphetamine with the chiral derivatizing agent Mosher's acid chloride allows for the detection of both dextroamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in urine. [42], Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's neurotransmitter systems;[56] these functional impairments involve impaired dopamine neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic projection and norepinephrine neurotransmission in the noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the prefrontal cortex. [84][85] These agencies also state that anyone with anorexia nervosa, bipolar disorder, depression, hypertension, liver or kidney problems, mania, psychosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, seizures, thyroid problems, tics, or Tourette syndrome should monitor their symptoms while taking amphetamine. Amphetamine is used as a recreational drug. There is evidence that amphetamine use to treat ADHD could slow growth in children. [210] In addition, several enantioselective syntheses of amphetamine have been developed. [21][167] In humans, the only post-synaptic receptor at which amphetamine is known to bind is the 5-HT1A receptor, where it acts as an agonist with low micromolar affinity. Amphetamine Salts Oral tablet drug summary. Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. People who crush and inject a tablet may have blockages in their small blood vessels, as some of the components do not break down. [27] Acidic substances reduce the absorption of amphetamine and increase urinary excretion, and alkaline substances do the opposite. [22] At room temperature, the pure free base of amphetamine is a mobile, colorless, and volatile liquid with a characteristically strong amine odor, and acrid, burning taste. [25][70][71] Based upon studies of self-reported illicit stimulant use, 5–35% of college students use diverted ADHD stimulants, which are primarily used for enhancement of academic performance rather than as recreational drugs. [126] There was low- to moderate-strength evidence of no benefit for most of the other medications used in RCTs, which included antidepressants (bupropion, mirtazapine, sertraline), antipsychotics (aripiprazole), anticonvulsants (topiramate, baclofen, gabapentin), naltrexone, varenicline, citicoline, ondansetron, prometa, riluzole, atomoxetine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil. GETTING THROUGH AMPHETAMINE WITHDRAWAL A guide for people trying to stop amphetamine use Amphetamine_wdl_220404.qxd 28/04/2004 12:19 PM Page i 31 mins. [111], Drug tolerance develops rapidly in amphetamine abuse (i.e., recreational amphetamine use), so periods of extended abuse require increasingly larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. 2,950,309", "Review: Synthetic Methods for Amphetamine", "Recommended methods of the identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their ring-substituted analogues in seized materials", "Approved Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Amphetamine (Adderall), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), and Atomoxetine (Straterra)", "Enantiomeric separation and quantitation of (±)-amphetamine, (±)-methamphetamine, (±)-MDA, (±)-MDMA, and (±)-MDEA in urine specimens by GC-EI-MS after derivatization with (, "Part 341 – cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator, and antiasthmatic drug products for over-the-counter human use", "Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of six immunoassays for the detection of amphetamines in urine", "Annual prevalence of use of drugs, by region and globally, 2016", "Mixing the Medicine: The unintended consequence of amphetamine control on the Northern Soul Scene", "Paul Erdos, Mathematical Genius, Human (In That Order)", "Statistical Bulletin 2018 − prevalence of drug use", European drug report 2014: Trends and developments, "List of psychotropic substances under international control", "Moving to Korea brings medical, social changes", "Importing or Bringing Medication into Japan for Personal Use", "Table of controlled Narcotic Drugs under the Thai Narcotics Act", "Drug Approval Package: Amphetamine (Amphetamine)", "Adzenys XR-ODT- amphetamine tablet, orally disintegrating", "Mydayis- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, and amphetamine sulfate capsule, extended release", "Drug Approval Package: Mydayis (mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product)", "Adzenys ER- amphetamine suspension, extended release", "Drug Approval Package: Adzenys XR-ODT (amphetamine)", "Evekeo ODT- amphetamine sulfate tablet, orally disintegrating", "Zenzedi- dextroamphetamine sulfate tablet", "Drug Approval Package: Vyvanse (Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate) NDA #021977", Comparative Toxicogenomics Database entry: Amphetamine, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database entry: CARTPT, Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, Legal history of cannabis in the United States, Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs, Arguments for and against drug prohibition, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&oldid=997942799, Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system, Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors, Treatment and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title, Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 00:23. [67] Therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals. Create New Account. It often appears in children, but it can continue into adulthood. [27] Gastrointestinal side effects may include abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, and nausea. Today at 1:36 PM. Crystal methamphetamine.

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